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Jacques Lacan On Masochism Philosophy Essay

Jacques Lacan On Masochism Philosophy Essay A thought of Lacans understanding of the Oedipal complex will offer further help for the conflict that homoeroticism is both inside to and troublesome of manly character. Lacan follows Freud in doling out a focal job to the Oedipal complex and its connection to emasculation, yet he verbalizes the marvel as far as his comprehension of the connection among subject and meaning. In Lacans account the subject discovers his approach to selfhood through crafted by the meaning framework. The subject doesn't utilize the way of life implying components to build a character however winds up in connotation, spoken by the signifier. Given this relationship to implication, the subjects self, which means and want are explained from the site of the Other. The externalized reference point for the subjects self-personality makes a hole, a misfortune, a do not have, a feeling of estrangement at the core of subjectivity. Perpetually attempting to close the hole of subjectivity the subject is continually subbing objects for the phallus trying to reestablish a phenomenal completeness that may never have been there in any case. In spite of the fact that Lacan demands that the phallus is an unadulterated and otherworldly signifier, that it is neither an article nor an organ, however just a dream and a perfect he regularly depicts the phallus utilizing terms that summon the penis. Likewise, his portrayal of how the subject acknowledges and beats the emasculating, estranging misfortune that goes with its entrance into language builds up a solid prevarication, if not a distinguishing proof, between the phallus and the penis. Albeit all subjects experience the estrangement going to the passage into language and in this way all subjects look for the phallus and its phenomenal substitutes, the subject comes to acknowledge something about where the phallus and isn't, given that the Other is the source and site of want. Given the craving of the Other for the subject, the subject goes to a mindfulness that the Other doesn't have the phallus, however is looking for it; the longing of the Other makes a yearning with respect to the subject to turn into the phallus for the Other. In spite of the fact that the auxiliary terms of Lacans depiction are subject and Other, inferring that any wanting other could come to be comprehended as coming up short on the phallus and requiring fulfillment by and through the subject. Lacan solely portrays the lacking Other as the lower-case other, or all the more accurately, the mother. Though neither the subject nor the Other have an authority gendered personality when examined in the most broad terms, Lacans depiction of the representative request requires that craving others be situated in explicit gendered jobs with the goal that the subject can creatively conquer its estrangement. Indeed, all together for the emblematic structure to work on Lacans understanding the main response to the circling need produced by the self-distance of implication that can serve to cover the hole in subjectivity is the Name-of-the-Father; there is no maternal or female identical. The real dad in a connection much the same as that of the penis and the phallus is, obviously, constantly a substitute for the emblematic Father, an unclear estimate of the figure that makes sure about the Law and ends the progression of the chain of connotation started by the longing and language of the Other. Simultaneously in a record like the confirmation that the phallus is the picture of the penis where the genuine dad doesn't adequately estimated the emblematic Father, the subject is probably going to surrender to psychosis, incapable to discover its moorings in the ever-streaming tide of language, unfit to structure a steady self. Lacan distinguishes various manners by which the genuine dad can neglect to take after adequately or effectively the emblematic dad. To begin with, if the real mother neglects to regard the genuine dad as a position figure, as a figure who could launch and implement the Law, at that point the relationship to the emblematic Father will be defaced. Second, if the genuine dads life is riven with disappointments to accomplish the accomplishments and triumphs socially doled out to male subjects, at that point he will likewise flounder in taking after the emblematic Father. Third, if the real dad is so overwhelmingly fruitful, builds up himself as such a nearby estimate to the emblematic Father, at that point he likewise presents an issue for the subject on the grounds that the genuine dads unavoidable shortcomings and imperfections will create the impression considerably more glaring and dishonest corresponding to the representative Father he precisely approximates. Given the different ma nners by which the genuine dad can neglect to take after the emblematic Father, given Lacans affirmation that the real dad is constantly a faker for the representative Father, given his confirmation that even the representative Father is just an awesome substitute for the phallus which is itself just a nonexistent article, would we say we are constrained to reason that for all intents and purposes all subjects must be insane somewhat or another? Despite how we answer this inquiry, Lacans hypothetical talk uncovers, in any event, an endeavor to make sure about a favored capacity for fatherly position, a yearning for the (f/F)ather to safeguard the subject from the disorder, need and misfortune that the (m)Others want produces. Along these lines, in spite of the fact that not unequivocally recognized in these terms, Lacans hypothesis of the subject sells out a craving for the dad that Freudian talk enthusiastically concedes. What is absent from this record of estrangement, want and the phallus is any express acknowledgment that the subject could encounter the dad as the craving other. The rationale of the Lacanian auxiliary request exhibits why this must be precluded as a chance. From one viewpoint, in the event that the dad could be the other who wants the subject, at that point the dad would be perceived as without the phallus similarly that the mother does. In Lacans framework, want signals need; on the off chance that the dad is (additionally) a site of need then the emblematic request will crumple in light of the fact that the Name-of-the-Father exists definitely as a response to the ever-present, regularly circling need connoted by the phallus. Then again, if the dad is either the wellspring of a homoerotic want for the child or the object of the children homoerotic want, at that point, provided the sexual request that Lacan expect and the predominant fiction surmises, the real dad is separated fro m the representative Father in light of the sort of sexual want hovering around him. To the extent that homoerotic want streams between the dad and child, psychosis definitely results i.e., homoeroticism makes the subjects accomplishment of a self outlandish. Simultaneously, the subjects journey for an un-estranged feeling of self is fuelled by a craving to rest secure comparable to the Father and the Fathers Law. The aching for selfhood is digressively spoken to by Lacan as a captivation with the (F/f)ather that both is and can't be homoerotic. Freuds portrayal of standardizing manliness can keep homoerotic want desultorily alive in light of the fact that it endeavors to make the target realities of science that foundation the hetero and man centric association of want and character seem common and unavoidable. The kid will consistently pick the penis; the penis connotes maleness and infers hetero want. Since Lacans record of subjectivity doesn't accept life structures as its establishment, it can't concede the chance of homoerotic want into the domain of manly personality without uncovering the self-assertive goals of the distancing impacts of implication for the hetero and man centric the norm. On the off chance that the kid ends up in a universe contained exclusively of others, need and want, at that point there must be some system for fixing the connection between some others, a few needs and a few wants, if the gendered and sexualised division of intensity is to be kept up. Taking Freuds musings on grieving and despondency as her essential writings, Judith Butler contends in a difficult situation that the lost, subdued, ceaselessly unacknowledged, interminably grieved object of gay want is important to the solidification of manliness and that a solid feeling of oppositionally characterized sex personality serves to keep up the lost gay item through a consistent motion of denial. Steward additionally exhibits through a nearby perusing of Freud and Lacan on the Oedipal complex that the social restriction on homosexuality is changed by their writings into a hetero air that gives hetero want a characteristic as opposed to social starting point. All the more significantly, be that as it may, Butler closes her conversation of the connection between hetero want and the lost gay article with a thought of the connection between denied homoerotic want and the development of the female subject. The lady as-object must be the sign that [the manly subject] never felt gay want, however never felt the anguish over its misfortune. To be sure, the lady as-sign should successfully uproot and cover that preheterosexual history for one that sanctifies a consistent heterosexuality. Head servant battles that the development of the lady as a sexual item and the constraint of the gay foundation of manliness are ensnared. Given this shared ramifications, it appears that following the figuration of homoerotic want in portrayals of standardizing manliness can possibly adjust the development of womens relationship to sexuality and subjectivity. This segment started with the doubt that there may be destinations in psychoanalytic hypothesis, notwithstanding conversations of masochism, where the predominant fiction in regards to manly subjectivity could be disrupted. Through a conversation of the two Freuds and Lacans understandings of the masochism and the Oedipal complex, I have looked to delineate of these locales, to follow the nearness of homoeroticism in psychoanalytic portrayals of manliness, even where it is missing

What Is Sand Tray Therapy

What Is Sand Tray Therapy Psychotherapy Print What Is Sand Tray Therapy? Although it may look like play, sand trays are quite therapeutic By Amy Morin, LCSW facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our editorial policy Amy Morin, LCSW Updated on April 11, 2019 More in Psychotherapy Online Therapy In This Article Table of Contents Expand What It Involves How It Helps What the Research Says What to Expect How to Find a Sand Play Therapist View All Back To Top Sand tray therapy (which is also referred to as sandplay therapy) is often used with individuals who have experienced a traumatic event such as abuse.  It’s most often used with children but it can also help teens and adults. Psychotherapists may use sand trays to assess, diagnose, or treat a variety of mental illnesses. Research  shows that sand tray therapy can help increase emotional expression while also reducing psychological distress in many populations. What It Involves Sand tray therapy is a combination of play therapy and art therapy. The therapist provides a tray or box filled with sand. The client is given miniature toys to create a play world. Toys may include anything from farm animals and dinosaurs to people and cars. Trees, fences, gates, doors, and buildings are common as well. The client is free to choose which toys to incorporate into the tray and then the toys are arranged in any way that the client wants. The therapist mainly serves as an observer and rarely interrupts. It’s thought that the client is able to create a world that represents their internal struggles or conflicts. After the sandplay is complete, the therapist and the client often discuss what was observedâ€"the toys that were chosen, how they were arranged, and any symbolic or metaphorical meanings. The client may then choose to rearrange the toys based on the discussion. Sand tray therapy may also include verbal therapy, play therapy, art therapy, or other types of treatment. How It Helps Sand tray therapy was developed by Dora Kalff and is derived from Margaret Lowenfeld’s “Worldtechnik,” Jungian theory and Buddhist contemplative practices. It’s based on the notion that if a therapist provides the client with a safe space, the client will use the sand tray to create solutions to their problems on their own. Research shows that sand tray therapy reduces symptoms of many mental health issues and increases resilience. Sand tray therapy is unstructured. It allows clients to experience healing through the therapeutic process. It provides the opportunity for clients to free themselves of deep-seated negative emotions by allowing them to express their inner thoughts and feel accepted by the therapist. Sandplay can also be a pleasurable sensory experience. It facilitates the natural expression of emotions. It may be used as part of an individual, group, or family therapy. What the Research Says Studies show sand trays are an effective means of treatment for a variety of problems and can be used in many different populations. A study conducted on four and five-year-old children with externalizing behavior problems resulted in the children showing less aggressive behavior after receiving 30 minutes of group sandplay therapy twice a week for 16 sessions. Another small study in Korea that consisted of three children who had witnessed domestic violence found that supportive music and imagery combined with sandplay therapy improved emotional and behavioral adaptability after six individual sessions. Additionally, a study of migrant women in Korea found that group sandplay therapy produced positive self-expression and reduced negative self-expression. In China, a study involving boys with Asperger syndrome found that sandplay therapy helped develop their psychological well-being and interpersonal communication skills when it was combined with other forms of treatment. Researchers theorize that sandplay therapy may help vulnerable children with pre-verbal trauma, making it a good strategy for children who are too young to talk about their traumatic experience. A study supporting this theory was conducted on a 3-year-old orphan with HIV. Researchers found that sandplay therapy provided the child with emotional support. What to Expect If you or your child attends sandplay therapy, you may wonder how using miniature toys in the sand is helping to resolve any issues. If you have questions about the effectiveness of your treatment, it’s important to ask the therapist. When it’s used as part of an assessment, the therapist may provide a sand tray and then look for common themes that indicate insecurities or aggressive behavior or resilience and positive emotional expression. If it’s used as part of treatment, sessions may be 30 to 60 minutes in length and they may be scheduled weekly or bi-weekly. Your therapist may greet you and then provide you with an empty sand tray and miniatures so you can get to work. The therapist may ask to photograph your sand trays so that the changes in the scenes you create can be reviewed over time. The therapist may take time to talk about your sand tray at the end of each session. For example, what might it mean if the domesticated animals are caged while the more dangerous animals (like tigers or dinosaurs) get to roam free? Together, you may find some meaning in the sand tray. But, it’s also possible that there will be little discussion at all. Instead, the therapist may simply give you a safe space to work. How to Find a Sand Play Therapist While any psychotherapist may be able to provide sandplay therapy, some therapists are specifically certified in sandplay therapy. Sandplay Therapists of America offers a directory of certified sandplay therapists. If you think that you or a loved one might benefit from sand tray therapy, a good place to start is by talking to your physician. Your physician may be able to refer you to a local therapist. The 9 Best Online Therapy Programs

Discussing The Playing Field Of Gender And Communication

Gender and Communication Eftagine Fevilien Miami Dade College Author Note Generalizations that can be valued when communicating across the gender line. Abstract Men and women practice enormously different identities and communication curriculums, even if they are raised by the same parents, well sophisticated in the same faculties, have the same career and live in similar state. The reason for that is because there are dissimilar rules of communication that are distinctive to each other. These instructions are recognized by all grown-up members of that sexual category, however because men and women conduct themselves according to two different single sets of rules about what is correct and what is not correct, communication accidents†¦show more content†¦The second characteristic of women’s communication is that they need a responses back from the other individual. Women will try to continue and keep the conversation going by asking all the questions if necessary. Third, women are more expected to use responses like â€Å"Right† and â€Å"oh really† just to spice things up and encouraging the person in continuin g the conversation. Even though, those pleasant confident answers do not essentially show agreement with the statements made by the chatty companion. But, since men have a habit of saying these responses only when they come to an agreement with the talker, they may misapprehend women’s use of responses. On the other hand, a woman may think that her male conversational companion is not paying attention or listening to her because these hints are omitted from his dialogue. Fourth, when women are rudely interrupted while talking, they become silent. Basically, they refuse to join any more in the conversation. Lastly, women normally use the words â€Å"I†, â€Å"you† and â€Å"we† just so they can be aware of the presence of the other talker rather than normal use of the first person. Differences in Relationship Women seek out relationships with others for partnership, management and support and make decisions based on common arrangement. Women wish for friendship, intimacy and similarity. They look for

John Nash s A Beautiful Mind Essay - 2034 Words

The media form that I will be analyzing is a movie â€Å"A Beautiful Mind.† â€Å"A Beautiful Mind† effectively portrays the life of a person living with schizophrenia and offers viewers several understandings on the effects that mental illness has on a person s everyday life. Being a genius does not preclude the possibility that someone has a mental illness, such as schizophrenia, as the case of the character of John Nash, the mathematician and Nobel Prize winner portrayed in the movie. In â€Å"A Beautiful Mind,† John Nash clearly has schizophrenia and suffers from severe mental illness, as he experience most of the symptoms that are required in the DSM-V to make a diagnosis of this mental illness. People with schizophrenia experience psychosis, which can be defined as a loss of contact with reality. The symptoms that were noticeable in the film were: auditory and visual hallucinations; paranoid ideations; delusional thinking; and distorted perception of realit y. These were clear signs that the character in the movie had type 1 schizophrenia which is caused by a chemical imbalance in the brain. Since these positive symptoms were exhibited by John Nash, it can be affirmed that he had schizophrenia. According to DSM-V the characteristic symptoms of schizophrenia are a range of cognitive, emotional,and behavioral dysfunction. Some signs of disturbance must persist for a continuous period of six months. Like it is shown in the movie, some patients that have been diagnosed withShow MoreRelatedJohn Nash s A Beautiful Mind862 Words   |  4 Pagesfound mental illnesses very intriguing the film â€Å"A Beautiful Mind† never fails to tug at my emotions. John Nash, a brilliant mathematician, faces a series of struggles due to his bad case of schizophrenia that makes him believe he is a secret agent that is on a very complex mission; this effects not only his work life but family. In this film I felt the attitudes towards John’s disability varied; his wife Alicia did everything she could to support John regardless of the circumstances and how good orRead MoreJohn Nash s A Beautiful Mind926 Words   |  4 PagesA Beautiful Mind is a film about the life of mathematician, John Nash. This film is a window into the world of mental illness, exploring the schizophrenic life of John Nash. This film shows the underlying conflicts that his psychosis displays between personal relationships, being apart of humanity and pursuing his original idea. In this essay, I will explore the struggles that John Nash faces in the pursuit of his dream, creating an original idea. I will focus on the demands of psychologicalRead MoreAnalysis Of John Nash s A Beautiful Mind ( Gazer Howard )923 Words   |  4 Pagesgenuine understanding of the person in order to accurately represent them on screen. In 2001, film makers attempted to translate to screen the life of John Nash in A Beautiful Mind (Gazer Howard). John Nash, who is a notable figure in the world of academia and mathematics, won the Nobel Prize in economics for his game theory (Nash, 1994). Nash is also widely known for his long-term struggle with mental illness and was diagnosed with schizophrenia during h is mid-thirties (Samels MacLowry, 2002)Read MoreJohn F. Nash s A Beautiful Mind Mathematician1448 Words   |  6 PagesEmma Cummings Microeconomics 22 November 2015 John Nash, a Beautiful Mind Mathematician John F. Nash shared the 1994 Nobel Prize with John Harsanyi and Reinhard Selten in economics for their work on the theory of non-cooperative games, in other words John Nash received a Nobel Prize for his work in Game theory. Except for one course in economics that he took as an undergraduate, Nash had not any formal training in economics. John Nash had a Ph.D. in mathematics in 1950, but theRead MoreAnalysis Of John Nash s Class We Watched A Beautiful Mind 977 Words   |  4 PagesIn class we watched â€Å"A Beautiful Mind† this movie tells the story of a man named John Nash (Russell Crowe) who is a genius mathematician that eventually finds himself struggling with Paranoid Schizophrenia. â€Å"Schizophrenia is a brain disorder in which people interpret reality abnormally. Schizophrenia may result in some combination of hallucinations, delusions, and dis- ordered thinking and behavior (mayoclinic.org)†. John Nash the main character has severe hallu- cinations, in particular with threeRead MoreAnalysis Of John Nash s Class We Watched A Beautiful Mind 843 Words   |  4 PagesIn class we watched â€Å"A Beautiful Mind† this movies has to due with a man named John Nash (Russell Crowe) who a genius mathematician who eventually finds himself struggling with Schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is a brain disorder in which people interpret reality abnormally. Schizophrenia may result in some combination of hallucinations, delusions, and disordered thinking and behavior. John Nash the main character had severe hallucinations, in particular with th ree main people. Although the new DiagnosticRead MoreBrothers Grimm and Beautiful Mind1109 Words   |  5 Pages * A Beautiful Mind Film Analysis A Beautiful Mind Film Analysis This movie is based on the true story of the brilliant mathematician John Forbes Nash Jr. He made remarkable advancements in the field of mathematics at a young age and had a very promising future. Unfortunately, John Nash had problems deciphering the difference betwe Premium 855 Words 4 Pages * Film Analysis: a Beautiful Mind WEEK 3 A Beautiful Mind Film Analysis xxxxxxRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Schizophrenia1171 Words   |  5 Pagesrecognize what is real. Common symptoms include false beliefs, unclear or confused thinking, auditory hallucinations, reduced social engagement and emotional expression, and lack of motivation. Diagnosis is based on observed behavior and the person s reported experiences. Genetics and early environment, as well as psychological and social processes, appear to be important contributory factors. Some recreational and prescription drugs appear to cause or worsen symptoms. The many possible combinationsRead MoreAnalysis Of A Beautiful Mind 1197 Words   |  5 PagesI chose the film â€Å"A Beautiful Mind† produced in 2001. The main character is John Forbes Nash, Jr. portrayed by Russell Crowe. The heart, not the mind is where the true meaning of life is found. A mathematical genius who is fixated on finding an original idea to ensure his legacy embarks on a mission with the belief that mathematics will lead him to a higher truth. â€Å"I cannot waste time with these classes and these books, memorizing the weak assumptions of lesser mortals. I need to look through toRead MoreAnalysis Of A Beautiful Mind1293 Words   |  6 PagesA Beautifully Scary Mind Film Analysis on A Beautiful Mind Most people remember having an imaginary friend growing up when they were young, but when that friend or friends appear in your late 20’s or 30’s as they did for John Nash, the Nobel Prize winning mathematician, they are usually called delusions or hallucinations. These are symptoms of schizophrenia and after making a groundbreaking discovery in the field of economics, Nash began experiencing hallucinations of a best friend, federal agents

Kaahumanu Free Essays

Keri Yokoyama February 6, 2012 Social Studies Funk Queen of Manoa! Guess who was one of the most popular people in Manoa? Queen Elizabeth Kaahumanu of course! Kaahumanu was one of the most famous residents of all Manoa. She was famous because she made a big impact on Manoa! She was also the wife of Kamehameha; in fact, she was one of Kamehameha’s favorite (out of twenty-one! ). In this article, I will tell you all about Queen Elizabeth Kaahumanu and her impact on the Manoa Community. We will write a custom essay sample on Kaahumanu or any similar topic only for you Order Now In upper Manoa, she had a summerhouse. Its name was Ka Puka’oma’omao, meaning â€Å"the green gate. This makes sense because her house had a green gate and green shutters. The house had a blend of Polynesian and Western styles. In the book â€Å"Manoa: the story of a valley,† it says that the roof was probably thatched or peaked. (They don’t know but they are pretty sure it was. ) Kaahumanu had many friends and invited them to her summerhouse. Her house became a popular place to visit. The house is not there today, but the land that it was on is still there with nothing on it. If you go to Manoa Road and Oahu Avenue, there is a green overgrown path that leads to a tiny clearing covered with old hau trees. Keep going on the path and you will find the land that Kaahumanu’s house, Ka Puka’oma’omao, was on. Kaahumanu was also known for a fresh water well. Her well was located close to her home. It was on Huelani Drive. The name of Kaahumanu’s fresh water well was Kawaihuelani, meaning â€Å"The waters of Huelani. † People believe that mo’owahine, meaning, â€Å" Part-lizard, part-woman being† is the guardian of the well. Kaahumanu also made a difference to one school in particular, Punahou School. Kaahumanu ordered/suggested Boki (Oahu’s governor) and his wife, Kuini Liliha, to give the land of Kapunahou to Reverend and Mrs. Hiram Bingham. From there, they built a school, which became Punahou School. That is how Punahou came to be. After catching an illness coming back from a trip, Kaahumanu asked to be taken to her home in the mountains. She died in her home in Manoa. Manoa was a place she loved so that’s why she came back to visit one last time before her death. I hope you learned a lot about Kaahumanu and her impact on Manoa. There are many things about her that I found interesting and I hope you found interesting too! So now, to remember Kaahumanu as a queen and a resident of Manoa, think â€Å"Queen of Manoa! † Works Cited Bouslog, Charles, and Thelma Greig. Manoa: The Story of a Valley. Honolulu: Mutual Pub. , 1994. Print. â€Å"Kawaihuelani  » History | Hawai‘inuiakea. † University of Hawaii at Manoa. Web. 03 Feb. 2012. . â€Å"Queen Kaahumanu (1768 – 1832) Kamehameha’s Favorite Wife | Aloha Hawaii. † Hawaii Travel Guide – Plan Your Hawaiian Vacation | Aloha Hawaii. Web. 06 Feb. 2012. . â€Å"The Woman Who Changed A Kingdom – Hawaiian Queen Ka’ahumanu. † Coffee Times – 100% Pure Kona Coffee. Web. 07 Feb. 2012. . How to cite Kaahumanu, Papers

Levis Strauss Canada Holding an Ember the Gwg Brand free essay sample

Q1. Why do consumers buy jeans? What is the buying decision based on? -Jeans were invented in 1873 by Levy Strauss. Consumers’ perceptions about jeans are following: 1. Durable and extra strong-In terms of durability Jeans are considered more durable than other fabric pants . This extra strong image attracts customers for the feel of rough and tough personality. 2. Symbol of rebellion :Blue jeans were adopted as a workers’ jeans and in the 1950 they became a symbol of rebellion when stars such as Marilyn Monroe and James Dean began sporting variations of the Denim bottom . Manual Labor through High Fashion : In modern time a blue jeans is considered as an everyday common garment for varied occasions . It has a fashion relevancy as well as it is a casual wear of daily use. 4. It reflects own Personal independence and style. It reflects the utilitarian image. People wear jeans for work , relaxation ,to be themselves ,to attract others and to feel good. We will write a custom essay sample on Levis Strauss Canada Holding an Ember: the Gwg Brand or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 5. Jeans are considered as ‘Cool’ ,They are famous for comfort, ease and compatibility factor. Many a times the buying decision of a consumer is based on the modern fashion relevancy. Jeans are very famous as Casual cloths , which can be used in College or even offices, workplaces . For younger generation, youth are often spurred on by ‘image’ and peer pressure, hence these factors influence their buying behavior in purchasing jeans. A wide variety exists of jeans for diverse lifestyles, for example relaxed fit for comfort, ultra baggy, low waist for younger generation. So jeans have attracted all age group, all ethnicities. Denim is universal. How are people influenced for buying jeans, apart from fashion and trend, jeans appeal for purchase because of their longer durability and even after a long time they are usable as they considered better as they fades. Most of the very good brands are affordable for middle class income group they are not considered as luxury clothing hence they are more popular and sold, 70 percent of people in western countries uses jeans. With the rise of woman empowerment, there is an advent of new market for denim. The young women and girls have been greatly attracted by jeans. Q2. What is happening in the overall market place and channels? Ans: The various happenings in the market place and channels can be grouped into three parts: Consumer tastes Consumer taste varied from diverse lifestyles to fashion preferences like Flare jeans for fashion conscious consumers and ultra baggy for younger consumers. The trend of casual wear in the work place was also increasing allowing the combination of different pant styles, including blue jeans, corduroy and khakis. The jeans market of women section experienced greater flux and change. It varied on alternative purchases such as khakis, shirts or Capri pants. Industrial observers believed that the marketplace moved from jeans to casual pants with the popularity of the khakis pant from 1998 to 2000. In 2001, the denim cycle was believed to begin again. Competitive Scenario Market Players: The retail chains produced fierce competition. The average price paid for jeans had fallen consecutively for five years due to increased promotional pricing by the departmental stores such as the Bay and Sears and entrants like Wal-Mart and Costco pushing down the average price. The Levi’s jeans were market leaders owning 16. 1% of men’s jeans market. Levi’s jeans had good brand recall. Wrangler was competitor to Levi’s. Private labels: Nevada at Sears and Rockland at Costco, Originals at Wal-Mart were some of the private label brands that owned significant portions of the men’s and women’s jeans market. The pricing was suited for mass market. These labels offered strong promotional pricing up to 40% of listed price. Premium brands: Premium brands were sold through dedicated shops with in department stores. Tommy Hilfiger and Diesel were in the process of opening their own line of stores in shopping malls and storefront locations. Specialty retailers: The specialty retailers developed their own brand like Mark’s Work Wearhouse with Denver Hayes and catered special age groups. Distribution Channel: There were six distribution channels for jeans in Canada. Department Stores – The departmental stores like The Bay, Sears, Eatons. These stores kept 80% of jeans in price ranges up to $49. 99. Specialty Stores – The specialty stores like Thrifty’s, the Gap, Mark’s Works Wearhouse, Old Navy. Large Mass Merchants – The large Mass merchants like Wal-Mart, Zellers. The large mass merchants generally kept jeans ranging up $29. 9. Around 80% of jeans in price ranges up to $ 29. 99. Small Mass Merchants – The small mass merchant like Saan, Best value, fields, NorthWest, Gaint Tiger, Harts, Cohoes. Others The others consisted of Winner, Costco, outlets Stores and catalogue sales. Wal-Mart and Costco offered jeans between $ 15 and $ 20. 3. What is the context within which Klee needs to make a decision? The dilemma that is faced by Klee here is somewhat synonymous to the one faced by the management board of General Motors in case of Oldsmobile being phased out. In this case Klee’s major concern was that where exactly does the GWG as a brand and product fit into their overall portfolio. It is pretty common for any organization to focus on its core competencies and so Klee has also advocated that they had two market leading brands in Dockers and Levi’s. Like any company they also have limited amount of marketing fund and being a part of a multinational business, seeking profits and market share growth around the world they cannot there investment into GWG. The problem is GWG is underdeveloped in market place and in order to justify an investment it needs to produce higher volumes and profits. So if they don’t invest it can’t grow but unless it grows, Klee can’t justify an investment particularly with urgent market pressures facing their higher return brands i. e. Levi’s and Dockers. Klee has also stated his discomfort with the way Licensee has gone about GWG. He hasn’t invested money into it, hasn’t, updated any of the fits and hasn’t tried to build it as a brand at all. Klee was very much concerned that if the situation continues like this the Brand’s past glory will be lost. Klee knew that her priorities laid with the leading brands i. e. Levi’s and Dockers but on thinking about GWG as a brand she felt that there was an indifference shown by them towards the brand. Though she was not sure whether if the brand was taken aback there can be any growth beyond the sales figures of Jack Spratt’s sales number of the first year. On doing the mathematics and calculation on various operations required to rejuvenate GWG production and sales she was still not very much convinced with the result of cost benefit analysis. All the exercise and data crunching that was done by her was not giving a very clear cut direction to whether the brand should be revived or not. There were issues with minimum cost of production, shipping cost, no. of days of inventory needed, management staff needed to update the fits and increase brand awareness, create refreshed point of sales materials, how to sell the brand to retailers an how to support its production from the existing infrastructure. In the end Klee was still introspecting and asking herself the same question which was pretty evident from the start itself, â€Å"Should she try to revive the brand†. Q4. What are the Channel implications and financial considerations? Ans. Financial Considerations: ?The minimum cost of manufacturing a pair of jeans is $15 per unit and they have to maintain inventory of at least 90 days. All this adds to the operational cost and an excess burden on already weak financial status of the company. They have to pay tax rate about 40% of the sales. ?They would need new workforce to manage the brand and a person in general management would cost company around $60000/annum. The supporting infrastructure would cost the company an extra $50000 Channel Implications: ?The GWG brand has not being able to build a own identity over the years due to no marketing plans by Spratt, hence selling it via specialty stores will not be a feasible option as there are existing brands working aggressively on their strategies. ?The units sold by GWG remained the same more or less from 1998 to 2001 and before that it seriously affected sales of Orange Tap and hence we cannot s ell it with GWG if they revive it. Although they can sell it via mass merchants who do not favor any particular brand and this could also boost sales of the brand. ?Retailers are using Economies of scale to reduce the price of production of per unit of jeans and this has brought down the margins and challenged the other channels who have to reduce the margins and hence profits. ?Besides GWG is limited only to Men’s jeans and it showed significant decrease in market share. If Levis tries and revive it will be a challenge for them because they have to capture the lost market and also help GWG grow. The above mentioned implications suggest that the overall cost of manufacturing a pair of jeans will go up and in order to increase profits, Levis has to price it upwards of 30$. The company has to work on pricing strategy because they already have Levis Orange Tab in this range so it may cannibalize its own product. If they increase the price somewhere in between the 29$ price tag for Orange Tab and 49$ price tag for Red Tab they can have a alternate product in their portfolio filling in the gap. The company also needs to select the channels appropriately so as to get higher margins and position the brand as planned.